Ho khetha aparallel twin screw barrele etselitsoeng litlhoko tsa extrusion e netefatsa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea tlhahiso. Li-brand tse etelletseng pele ka 2025, joalo ka Coperion le KraussMaffei, li khanna boqapi ho fihlela litlhoko tse ntseng li tsoela pele.
- Mmaraka oa tlhahiso e bohlale, ho kenyeletsoa le theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea lefu, e ntse e hola ho11.7% CAGR.
- Lisebelisoa tse tšoarellang joale li sebetsana le 85% ea likhase tsa bophelo.
Libarele tsa conical le tse bapileng tse peli, ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng, ikamahanya le likhatelopele tsena. Ho nepahala ha bona ho fokotsa litšila le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea litšenyehelo, ho ba etsa motheo oasekoti se setle sa mafahla le libarele tsa polasetiki.
Baetsi ba ka Sehloohong le Bafani ba Parallel Twin Screw Barrels
Indasteri ea lefats'e ea extrusion e itšetlehile ka bahlahisi ba nang le mekhoa e metle ho fana ka boleng bo phahamengparallel twin screw barrel. Likhamphani tsena li etella pele 'maraka ka theknoloji e tsoetseng pele, boenjiniere bo nepahetseng, le boitlamo ba ho khotsofatsa bareki. Ka tlaase mona ke kakaretso ea bahlahisi ba ka sehloohong le menehelo ea bona ho indasteri.
Coperion
Coperion e itlhomme pele e le pula-malibohoindastering ea extrusion. Khampani e sebetsa ka ho khetheha ka li-extruder tsa "twin-screw extruder" tse haufi-ufi tse potolohang, tse bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea libarele tse tšoanang.
- Lisistimi tse kopanyang tse fetang 15,000 tse kentsoeng lefatšeng ka bophara li totobatsa boteng bo pharaletseng ba 'maraka oa Coperion.
- Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1950, k'hamphani e 'nile ea beha litekanyetso tse ncha ka mochine le moralo oa tsamaiso bakeng sa theknoloji ea ho sebetsa.
- Litharollo tsa eona tse ncha li netefatsa ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea thepa, e etsa hore e be lebitso le tšepahalang indastering.
Bokhoni ba Coperion ho nts'etsapele lits'ebetso tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso bo netefatsa liphetho tse tšepahalang le tse tsitsitseng bakeng sa likopo tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lipolasetiki le phepelo ea lijo.
Leistritz
Leistritz e tumme ka theknoloji ea eona e tsoetseng pele ea extrusion. Khampani e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a li-screw tse pota-potileng le taolo e nepahetseng ea mocheso, e ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea libarele tse tšoanang tsa li-screw.
Brand | Tekheniki Parameters | Melemo | Mebe |
---|---|---|---|
Leistritz | Li-screw tse pota-potileng, Taolo ea mocheso | Ho kopanya ho ntlafalitsoeng, Bokhoni bo phahameng ba tlhahiso | Litsenyehelo tse phahameng tsa matsete a pele |
Boitlamo ba Leistritz ho boqapi bo netefatsa bokhoni bo phahameng ba tlhahiso le bokhoni bo holimo ba ho kopanya. Litsamaiso tsa eona li loketse liindasteri tse hlokang ts'ebetso ea thepa e nepahetseng.
KraussMaffei
KraussMaffei e kopanya ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le ho nepahala lits'ebetsong tsa eona tsa extrusion. Khampani e fana ka meralo e kopanyang le e hanyetsanang, e sebetsanang le mefuta e mengata ea likopo.
Brand | Tekheniki Parameters | Melemo | Mebe |
---|---|---|---|
KraussMaffei | Meetso e potolohang ka kopanelo le e khahlano le ho potoloha | Bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho kopanya, Lisebelisoa tse pharaletseng | E hloka ts'ebetso le tlhokomelo e hloahloa |
Mekhoa ea KraussMaffei e ipabola tabeng ea ho kopanya le ho sebetsana le thepa, e leng se etsang hore e be khetho e ratoang haholo bakeng sa liindasteri tse kang polasetiki le lik'hemik'hale.
Zhejiang Zhongyang Screw Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Zhongyang Screw Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ke morekisi ea ka sehloohong oa libarele tse tšoanang tsa li-screw Asia. Khamphani e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho faneng ka lihlahisoa tse tšoarellang le tsa boleng bo holimo tse etselitsoeng litlhoko tsa bareki.
- Libarele tsa eona li entsoe ka mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho qhibilihisa, ho kopanya le ho tsamaisa thepa.
- Khamphani e sebeletsa liindasteri tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa polasetiki, rabara le ho lokisa lijo.
- Likhetho tsa Customization li netefatsa hore li lumellana le litsamaiso tse fapaneng tsa extrusion.
Boitlamo ba Zhejiang Zhongyang ba boleng le boqapi bo entse hore e be le botumo bo matla 'marakeng oa lefatše.
Shanghai Jurry Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd.
Shanghai Jurry Plastic Machinery Co., Ltd. e sebetsa ka ho khetheha ho hlahiseng libarele tse tšoanang tsa li-screw bakeng sa tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa PVC. Khamphani e rala lihlahisoa tsa eona ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sebetsang le e ts'oanang ea metsoako ea PVC.
- Lintho tse khethehileng tsa screw le geometry ea moqomo li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thepa.
- Lihlahisoa tsa k'hamphani li fana ka liphetho tse tsitsitseng, li netefatsa liphaephe tsa boleng bo holimo tsa PVC.
- Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho khotsofalo ea bareki ho susumetsa ntlafatso e tsoelang pele moralong oa sehlahisoa.
Boitseanape ba Shanghai Jurry ba tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa PVC bo etsa hore e be molekane ea tšepahalang bakeng sa bahlahisi ba batlang litharollo tse tšepahalang tsa extrusion.
Likarolo tsa Bohlokoa le Melemo ea Lihlahisoa tse etelletseng pele
Ho tšoarella le Boleng ba Lintho
Baetsi ba holimo ba etelletsa pele ho tšoarella le boleng ba thepa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e tšoarellang nako e telele. Ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele joalo kali-bi-metal liner bakeng sa khanyetso e matlafalitsoeng ea ho aparale 45 # li-cylinders tsa tšepe bakeng sa botšepehi ba sebopeho. N00 nitriding tšepe e ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa kutu, ha thepa ea H6 kapa D11 e fana ka khanyetso e ikhethang ea ho apara. Bakeng sa maemo a feteletseng, tšepe ea HSS-PM e fana ka nako e telele e ke keng ea lekanngoa.
Mofuta oa Boitsebiso | Tlhaloso |
---|---|
Bi-metal liner | E matlafatsa ho tšoarella le ho hanyetsa ho apara |
45 # silindara ea tšepe | E fana ka botšepehi ba sebopeho |
N00 tšepe ea nitriding | E ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa kutu |
H6 kapa D11 | E fana ka khanyetso e phahameng ea ho apara |
HSS-PM | Tšepe e khethehileng bakeng sa maemo a feteletseng |
Lisebelisoa tsena li etsa bonnete ba hore libarele tse tšoanang tsa screw screw li mamella lits'ebetso tse boima, li boloka ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ha nako e ntse e ea.
Nepahetseng le Tshebetso
Li-brand tse etellang pele li kopanya litsamaiso tse tsoetseng pele tsa taolo ho holisa ho nepahala le ts'ebetso. Litsamaiso tsena li laola maemo a bohlokoa joalo ka mocheso, lebelo la screw, le sekhahla sa phepelo. Tlhokomelo ea nako ea sebele e tiisa ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea thepa, ho fokotsa litšila le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba sehlahisoa. Boemo bona ba ho nepahala bo etsa hore li-parallel screw barrel e be tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa liindasteri tse hlokang liphetho tse ts'oanang.
Dikgetho tsa ho itlhophisa
Baetsi ba fana ka likhetho tse ngata tsa ho itlhophisa ho fihlela litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa indasteri. Bareki ba ka khetha meralo e ikhethileng ea screw, lijeometri tsa moqomo, le libopeho tsa thepa tse etselitsoeng lits'ebetso tsa bona. Ka mohlala, litlhophiso tse khethehileng bakeng saTlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa PVCetsa bonnete ba ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea metsoako ea PVC. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho lumella likhoebo ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa tsona tsa extrusion bakeng sa katleho e kholo.
Ka mor'a-Thekiso Tšehetso le Warranty
Tšehetso e ka tšeptjoang ka mor'a thekiso le litiisetso tse felletseng li arola lihlahisoa tse holimo. Baetsi ba fana ka thuso ea tekheniki, lits'ebeletso tsa tlhokomelo, le likarolo tse ncha ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e sa sitisoeng. Litiisetso tse koahelang mefokolo ea thepa le litaba tsa ts'ebetso li fa bareki khotso ea kelello, e matlafatsang tšepo ho boleng ba sehlahisoa.
Lisebelisoa tsa Parallel Twin Screw Barrels
Plastiki Extrusion
Parallel twin screw barrel e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa homekhoa ea polasetiki ea extrusion. Moqapi oa bona o ntlafatsa katleho ka ho fokotsa nako ea bolulo, e leng se potlakisang ho sebetsa ha thepa. Sebopeho sa ho itlhoekisa se fokotsa litšila tsa lihlahisoa, se kenya letsoho boitekong ba ho iphelisa. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho lumella bahlahisi ho fetola litekanyetso tsa extrusion le ho kopanya mesebetsi habonolo.
- Nako ea ho lula e fokotsehilee ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea matla.
- Mekhoa ea ho itlhoekisa e fokotsa litšila, e tšehetsa ts'ebetso ea eco-friendly.
- Mekhahlelo e feto-fetohang ea ts'ebetso e ntlafatsa litekanyetso tsa extrusion le mesebetsi ea ho kopanya.
- Bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho kopanya bo netefatsa ho kopanngoa ha thepa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang.
Coperion's ZSK Mc¹⁸ Twin Screw Extruder e fana ka mohlala oa melemo ena. Ts'ebetso ea eona e phahameng ea torque le tlhahiso e nepahetseng e etsa hore e be e loketseng bakeng sa polasetiki ea boenjiniere, e fana ka liphetho tse tsitsitseng ha e ntse e boloka matla.
Phetoho ea Lijo
Li-parallel twin screw barrel li bohlokoa haholo lits'ebetsong tsa ho lokisa lijo. Bokhoni ba bona ba hotexturize protheine ka katlehoe tsoa ho moralo o ikhethang oa li-screw tse peli tse ka hare tse potolohang. Li-screws tsena li hokahanya le ho phalla ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng ba sehlahisoa.
- Moralo oa extruder o tšehetsa tlhahiso e nepahetseng, e bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa maemo a lijo.
- Ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle ea matla e fokotsa litšenyehelo ha e ntse e boloka ts'ebetso e phahameng.
- Bokhoni bo ntlafalitsoeng ba ho kopanya bo lumella tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lijo, ho kenyeletsoa liprotheine tse entsoeng ka mongolo le li-snacks.
Baetsi ba itšetlehile ka litsamaiso tsena ho finyella litekanyetso tse thata tsa polokeho ea lijo ha ba ntse ba finyella katleho e nepahetseng ea tlhahiso.
Liindasteri tsa Lik'hemik'hale le tsa Meriana
Liindasteri tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa meriana li rua molemo ka ho feto-fetoha ha libarele tsa parallel twin screw. Litsamaiso tsena li sebetsana le lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng ka ho nepahala, ho netefatsa ho kopanya ho tšoanang le ho kopanya. Ho ikamahanya ha tsona le maemo a fapaneng a ts'ebetso ho etsa hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa ho hlahisa lik'hemik'hale tse khethehileng le metsoako ea meriana.
- Ho kopanya ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng ba sehlahisoa.
- Li-parameter tse feto-fetohang li fana ka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng.
- Likarolo tsa ho itlhoekisa li fokotsa likotsi tsa tšoaetso, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa meriana.
Li-parallel twin screw barrels li tsamaisa mekhoa ea tlhahiso, e nolofalletsang baetsi ho finyella litekanyetso tsa boleng bo phahameng ha ba ntse ba boloka ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle.
Mokhoa oa ho Khetha Moetsi ea Nepahetseng
Ho khetha moetsi ea nepahetseng bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa extrusion ke qeto ea bohlokoa e amang katleho ea tlhahiso le boleng ba sehlahisoa. Ka ho lekola lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse kang ts'ebetso, litheko, ho itlhophisa, le maikutlo a bareki, likhoebo li ka etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo tse tsamaellanang le lipheo tsa bona tsa ts'ebetso.
Ho Lekola Ts'ebetso le Botšepehi
Ts'ebetso le ho ts'epahala ke motheo oa sistimi efe kapa efe ea boleng bo holimo ea extrusion. Baetsi ba lokela ho bonts'a rekoto e netefalitsoeng ea ho fana ka lisebelisoa tse tšoarellang le tse sebetsang hantle. Likhoebo li ka hlahloba sena ka ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ha ho hahoa thepa, tse kang li-alloys tse sa senyeheng kapa liphahlo tse thibelang ho bola. Ho feta moo, ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tlas'a maemo a sebele a lefats'e ho fana ka leseli mabapi le botsitso ba ts'ebetso le botsitso ba eona.
Keletso: Batla bahlahisi ba fanang ka litifikeiti tsa ts'ebetso kapa litlaleho tsa tlhahlobo ea motho oa boraro. Litokomane tsena li tiisa ho tšepahala ha lihlahisoa tsa bona.
Ho Bapisa Theko le Boleng
Le hoja litšenyehelo e le tsa bohlokoa, ha lia lokela ho koahela boleng bo fanoeng ke moetsi. Theko e tlase e ka 'na ea bonahala e khahleha qalong, empa e ka baka litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa tlhokomelo kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ha nako e ntse e ea. Ho e-na le hoo, likhoebo li lokela ho shebana le litšenyehelo tsohle tsa beng, tse kenyelletsang lintlha tse kang tšebeliso ea matla, litlhoko tsa tlhokomelo, le nako ea bophelo.
Ntlha | Tlhaloso | Bohlokoa |
---|---|---|
Litšenyehelo tsa Pele | Theko ea pele ea thepa | E thusa ho tseba hore na tekanyetso ea chelete e ka khonahala |
Litšenyehelo tsa Tlhokomelo | Litšenyehelo tsa ho boloka le ho lokisa | E ama bokhoni ba nako e telele |
Matla a Matla | Tšebeliso ea matla nakong ea ts'ebetso | E fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso |
Thepa Lifespan | Ho tšoarella le nako e telele ea sehlahisoa | E netefatsa boleng ba nako e telele |
Ka ho bapisa lintlha tsena, likhoebo li ka khetholla bahlahisi ba fanang ka tekanyo e ntle ka ho fetisisa pakeng tsa litšenyehelo le boleng.
Ho lekola Bokhoni ba ho Itloaetsa
Ho itloaetsa ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fihlela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa tlhahiso. Baetsi ba etelletseng pele ba fana ka litharollo tse ikhethileng, joalo ka meralo e ikhethang ea screw kapa li-geometri tse khethehileng tsa barrel, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tse itseng. Ka mohlala, moetsi ea sebetsanang le tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa PVC a ka fana ka Parallel Twin Screw Barrel e etselitsoeng ho sebetsana le metsoako ea PVC ka katleho.
Ha u lekola bokhoni ba ho etsa lintho, likhoebo li lokela ho nahana ka tse latelang:
- Ho fumaneha ha meralo e hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse itseng kapa lits'ebetso.
- Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho fetola lisebelisoa tse teng ho fihlela litlhoko tse ikhethang.
- Ts'ehetso ea ho kopanya mahlale a tsoetseng pele, joalo ka automation kapa likarolo tsa IoT.
Baetsi ba etelletsang pele ho itlhophisa ba thusa likhoebo ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa bona tsa tlhahiso le ho fihlela katleho e kholo.
Bohlokoa ba Maikutlo a Bareki le Bopaki
Maikutlo a bareki le bopaki bo fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le botumo ba moetsi le boleng ba sehlahisoa. Litlaleho tsena tsa motho ka mong li totobatsa matla le mefokolo ea thepa, hammoho le boemo ba tšehetso ea bareki e fanoeng. Maikutlo a matle hangata a bonts'a ts'ebetso e ts'oanang, ts'ebeletso e tšepahalang ea kamora thekiso, le khotsofalo ea bareki ka kakaretso.
Hlokomela: Ela hloko litlhahlobo tse buang ka tšebeliso ea nako e telele le tšehetso ea ka mor'a ho reka. Lintlha tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa bonnete ba boiphihlelo bo sebetsang hantle.
Ntle le maikutlo a marang-rang, likhoebo li ka kopa litšupiso ho tsoa ho moetsi. Ho bua ka kotloloho le bareki ba bang ho fana ka monyetla oa ho botsa lipotso tse tobileng mabapi le liphihlelo tsa bona.
Ka ho hlahloba lintlha tsena ka botlalo, likhoebo li ka khetha ka kholiseho moetsi ea lumellanang le litlhoko tsa bona tsa ts'ebetso le lipakane tsa nako e telele.
Mekhoa e Hlahang ho Indasteri ea Parallel Twin Screw Barrel
Tsepamisa maikutlo ho Matla a Matla
Matla a matlae se e le taba ea bohlokoa indastering ea parallel twin screw barrel. Bahlahisi ba etsa litsamaiso tse sebelisang matla a fokolang ha li ntse li boloka ts'ebetso e phahameng. Meralo e tsoetseng pele ea li-screw le li-geometri tsa barrel tse ntlafalitsoeng li fokotsa tahlehelo ea matla nakong ea ts'ebetso ea thepa. Litlhahiso tsena ha li fokotse litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso feela empa hape li kenya letsoho molemong oa ho boloka tikoloho.
Mekhoa e sebetsang hantle ea matla e boetse e ikamahanya le boiteko ba lefats'e ba ho fokotsa likhase tsa carbon. Ka ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea matla, bahlahisi ba ka finyella melao e thata ea tikoloho. Mokhoa ona o totobatsa boitlamo ba indasteri ba ho leka-lekanya tlhahiso le boikarabello ba tikoloho.
Ho kopanngoa ha Automation le Smart Technology
Ho kopanngoa ha li-automation le theknoloji e bohlale ho fetola indasteri ea extrusion. Likhamphani li sebelisa theknoloji ea indasteri ea 4.0 ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le ho nepahala ha ts'ebetso. Sistimi tse bohlale tse nang le bokhoni ba IoT li thusa ho lekola le ho laola maemo a bohlokoa joalo ka mocheso le lebelo la screw. Sena se tiisa boleng ba sehlahisoa se tsitsitseng mme se fokotsa nako ea ho theoha.
Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa | Tlhaloso |
---|---|
Nts'etsopele ea Lipolasetiki tse ka senyehang | Ho na le tsepamiso e ntseng e hola ea mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea tlhahiso e lebisang keketsehong ea lipolasetiki tse senyehang. |
Ho Amoheloa ha Indasteri 4.0 Technologies | Likhamphani li kopanya litharollo tse bohlale tsa tlhahiso ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le tlhahiso. |
Tlhokahalo ea Mekhoa e Sebetsang ea Tlhahiso | Automation le IoT li tsamaisa tlhoko ea mekhoa e sebetsang ea tlhahiso indastering. |
Automation e boetse e ts'ehetsa tokiso e boletsoeng esale pele, e lumellang baetsi ho rarolla mathata a ka bang teng pele a eketseha. Sena se fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa ho lokisa le ho lelefatsa nako ea bophelo ba lisebelisoa, ho etsa hore e be letsete la bohlokoa bakeng sa likhoebo.
Tšebeliso ea Thepa e Tsoelang Pele
Moshoelella ke ho bopa bokamoso baparallel twin screw barrel. Baetsi ba ntse ba eketseha ka ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse bolokang tikoloho ho hlahisa libarele le likurufu. Lipolasetiki tse senyehang le lintho tse ka sebelisoang hape li ntse li tuma, ho bonts'a phetoho ea indasteri ho ea mekhoeng e tala. Lisebelisoa tsena li fokotsa litšila le ho khothalletsa moruo o chitja.
Tšebeliso ea thepa e tšoarellang e boetse e eketsa botumo ba brand. Likhamphani tse amohelang litloaelo tsena li bonts'a boitlamo ba tsona ba ho hlokomela tikoloho, e leng se amang bareki ba hlokolosi ka tikoloho. Mokhoa ona o totobatsa karolo ea indasteri ea ho khothaletsa bokamoso bo tsitsitseng ha e ntse e fihlela litlhoko tsa tlhahiso.
Lihlahisoa tse ka sehloohong tse kang Coperion, Leistritz, le KraussMaffei li laola indasteri ea extrusion ka litharollo tse ncha. Tsoelo-pele ea bona ea theknoloji le li-portfolio tse fapaneng tsa lihlahisoa li ntlafatsa mekhoa ea extrusion lefatšeng ka bophara. Likhoebo li rua molemo boteng ba tsona ba libaka, ts'ebetso e matla ea thekiso, le litsamaiso tse tšepahalang. Ho khetha moetsi ea tšepahalang ho netefatsa liphetho tse nepahetseng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang Parallel Twin Screw Barrel.
LBH
Phapano ke efe lipakeng tsa parallel le conical twin screw barrel?
Li-barrel tsa li-screw tse tšoanang li na le li-screw tse mahlakoreng a mabeli bakeng sa ho kopanya junifomo. Meetso ea conical e taper bakeng sa khatello e matlafalitsoeng, e loketseng lits'ebetso tse ikhethang tsa extrusion.
Ke boloka barrel ea "parallel twin screw barrel" joang?
Ho hloekisa kamehla ho thibela ho bokellana ha thepa. Tlotsa likarolo tse tsamaeang 'me u hlahlobe hore na ha li senyehile. Latela litataiso tsa moetsi bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng le bophelo bo bolelele.
Na libarele tsa parallel screw li sebetsana le lisebelisoa tse ngata?
Ee, ba sebetsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng joalo ka polasetiki, rabara le metsoako ea lijo. Boikemisetso bo netefatsa hore bo lumellana le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng.
Nako ea poso: Jun-12-2025